Scuba Related Injuries and Decompression Sickness

There are close to 4 million recreational scuba divers in this country today.Over 300,000 new sport divers are certified each year. Diving is also animportant associated activity of industrial, scientific, and military professions.

There are a wide variety of conditions that can occur as a result of the pressure changes when one submerges. BAROTRAUMA (injury that results from a change in pressure) and DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS (the bends) will be discussed in this section. NO ONE SHOULD SCUBA DIVE WITHOUT TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION.

FOUR LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN SCUBA DIVERS

1. Exhaustion and panic.
2. Air embolism (see below).
3. Cave diving accidents.
4. Running out of air at depth.

BAROTRAUMA

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESSURE OF DESCENT

1. BAROTITIS EXTERNA: This refers to the pressure exerted on, and inside, theear canal when a diver descends. If the ear canal is plugged (wax, ear plugs,etc.), normal equalization of pressure cannot occur. The result, generally is apainful eardrum rupture. Bleeding usually occurs from the canal. Examinationby a physician will be necessary. TREATMENT involves keeping the canal dry (noswimming) and close follow-up to make sure bacterial infection does not occur.Ear drops should not be used (unless instructed by your physician). No diving will be allowed under any circumstances.

2. BAROTITIS MEDIA: In this case, pressure is exerted during descent on themiddle ear (on the inside aspect of the eardrum). This occurs as the result of eustachian tube becoming plugged. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat (pharynx). It is through this tube that equalization of pressure is possible (yawning, chewing gum, or blowing air through closed nose and mouth). If the tube becomes blocked (a frequent accompaniment of colds, allergies, or smoking), ear pain from the inability to equalize pressure will occur. Eventual rupture of the eardrum is possible. This is a particularly dangerous situation, frequently accompanied by nausea, vomiting,and vertigo. Pain should signal the diver to resurface IMMEDIATELY.

SAFETY TIPS

Prior to diving, always have your ears examined in any cases of suspected canal blockage. Stop your dive with the occurrence of any ear pain or discharge. Do not dive or swim with a ruptured eardrum. Avoid diving when you have a cold, sinus infection, or allergy problems. If decongestant nasal sprays are used, they should be long-acting (12 hour sprays).

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESSURE OF ASCENT

1. BAROTITIS MEDIA (reverse squeeze): In this case, the problem is the same as that described above, but occurs during ascent. This is more rare, as most divers have less trouble equalizing during ascent. See the above for treatment details.

2. TOOTH SQUEEZE: Fillings, decay, periodontal infections, or recent extractions all can lead to a pressure disequilibrium in or around a tooth. The result is dental pain. People with this problem need a dental evaluation.

3. AEROGASTRALGIA (gas in the gut): This is caused by the expansion of gas inthe intestine when the surrounding pressure is decreased during ascent. Rarely serious, it is more common in novice divers. Avoid chewing gum, carbonated beverages, and heavy meals prior to diving.

4. PNEUMOTHORAX (burst lung): This serious problem occurs in the inexperienceddiver who fails to freely exhale during ascent. The expansion of gas in the lungs that occurs as the surrounding pressure decreases will "over inflate" the lung, thus causing the problem. Any surfacing, unconscious, unresponsive diveris likely to have this problem. This is an absolute EMERGENCY requiring IMMEDIATE medical attention. Information on pneumothorax can be found under the chest injury: pneumothorax in the INJURY FILE.

5. AIR EMBOLISM: Probably the most feared complication, and one of the major causes of death among scuba divers. There are estimated to be between 80-100 cases of air embolism per year in the United States, with 12-15% of these cases resulting in deaths. This problem results from the entry of gas bubbles into the blood stream (arterial) via ruptured veins in the overexpanded lung. The bubbles can cause an interruption in blood flow by occluding small blood vessels. Results are variable and dramatic; cardiac arrest or stroke can occur. AIR EMBOLISM results commonly in the diver who "runs out of air" and rapidly ascends, not expelling the expanding gas that is contained in the lungs. Air embolization can occur in as little as 5-6 feet of water in the diver who FAILS TO EXHALE AIR during ascent to the surface. Loss of consciousness on surfacing usually occurs and IMMEDIATE medical care is IMPERATIVE.

DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS

Commonly referred to among divers as the "bends", this multi-system disorder results from the liberation of inert gas (nitrogen) from solution (in the blood) to form gas bubbles in the bloodstream. On resurfacing, the ambient pressure is decreased. If the reduction in pressure occurs too rapidly, nitrogen bubbles will form in the blood stream. There are several complex factors (depth of dive and total time at that depth) which influence this gas/tissue/blood equilibrium. It is the formation of nitrogen bubbles that is responsible for the multitude of symptoms that characterize decompression sickness

Decompression illness is categorized into two types:

* TYPE 1 (mild): There is pain involving only one joint. It may appear as a rash with itching (skin bends) or blotchy discoloration. Medical care will be required and prognosis is generally good. Treatment in a hyperbaric chamber (decompression chamber) is required in most cases.

* TYPE 2 (serious): Here pain involves multiple joints, usually the lower extremities. There may also be brain (stroke) or spinal cord involvement (some type of paralysis). Lung involvement is known as the "chokes" (shortness of breath). Involvement of the inner ear or the brain is known as the "staggers". SYMPTOMS here include; nausea, equilibrium difficulty (can't walk), limbweakness, limb numbness, or paralysis.

RISK FACTORS FOR DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS

1. ADVANCED AGE (over age 40)
2. OBESITY
3. RECENT INJURY
4. MULTIPLE DIVES WITHIN 24 HOURS
5. COLD WATER
6. EXERTION UNDER WATER
7. SMOKING
8. EXERCISE AFTER A DIVE
9. BREATH HOLDING DIVES SHORTLY AFTER A SCUBA DIVE

Treatment involves IMMEDIATE emergency evaluation. In some cases, recompression will be done in a decompression chamber. Oxygen (at 100%) via face mask will be administered until the patient is ready for the chamber. Transport to a properly equipped facility will be necessary and will be arranged by your local EMERGENCY ROOM.

Hope this article will proide you information about scuba related injuries and decompression sickness.


12 Hip Dislocation
12 Hip Fracture
12 Insect Stings and Spider Bites
12 Human and Animal Bites
12 Shoulder Injury Fracture
12 Toxic Inhalations and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
12 Facial Injury Jaw Fracture and Dislocation
12 Kidney Injury
12 Knee Injury General Considerations
12 Knee Injury Contusion
12 Knee Injury Fracture
12 Knee Injury Sprain
12 Stab Wounds
12 Leg Injury Fractures and Contusions
12 Leg Injury Shin Splints
12 Lightning Injury
12 Oral and Tongue Injuries
12 Nasal Fracture or Contusion
12 Neck Injury General Considerations
12 Neck Injury Fracture
12 Neck Injury Spinal Cord Injury
12 Pelvic Bone Fracture
12 Puncture Wounds
12 Chest Injury Rib Fracture
12 Back Injury Sacrococcygeal Injury
12 Scorpion Bites
12 Abrasion Injuries
12 Shoulder Injury Clavicle Fracture
12 Shoulder Injury Strains and Sprains
12 Snakebite
12 Neck Injury Spinal Cord Injury
12 Abdominal Injury Ruptured Spleen
12 Foot Injury Toe Fracture and Sprain
12 Vaginal or Vulvar Injury
12 Drowning and Near Drowning

INJURIES

Abdominal Injury
Abdominal Injury: Contusion
Abrasion
Amputations
Animal Bites
Ankle Fracture
Ankle Injury
Ankle Injury: Contusion
Ankle Sprain
Back Injury
Back Injury : Sacrococcygeal Injury
Back Strain
Burns
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Chemical Burns
Chest Injuries
Chest Injury: Aortic Rupture
Chest Injury: Hemothorax
Chest Injury: Myocardial Contusion
Chest Injury : Pneumothorax
Chest Injury: Pulmonary Contusion
Chronic Back Pain
Clavicle Fracture
Compression Fractures
Contusions
Decompression Sickness
Disc Disease
Gunshot Wounds
Hand Injury: Fingertip Amputations
Head Injury
Liver Injury
Marine Stings
Muscle Strains
Rib Fracture
Ruptured Spleen
Shoulder Injury: A-C Separation
Spider Bites
Spinal Cord Injury
Sternum Fracture
Testicular Injury
Wrist Injury
hi Scuba Related Injuries
i Hand Injury Finger Amputaion
de Lecerations
de Cold Injury and Hypothermia
dd Dental Injury
xs Facial Injury
sdf Neck Injury
e Shoulder Injury Dislocation
e Ear Injury
ed Elbow Injury
de Elbow Injury Fracture
dfe Elbow Injury Nursemaids
ee Electrical Injury
de Eye Injury
ed Facial Injury General Considerations
fr Facial Injury Contusion
ed Hand Injury Finger Sprains
ded Fingernail and Toenail Injuries
dd Hand Injury Fractures
23 Head Injury Skull Fracture and Concussion
44 Chest Injury Myocardial Contusion
fde Heat Illness
ed Hest Injury Hemothorax
y Back Injury Disc Disease
;l High Altitude Illness


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